![]() Identifying current and potential challenges or threats help professionals to make the strategic decision about the use and develop these technologies in the healthcare sector. 33 Lack of attention to these limitations can have serious consequences. 29- 32 Also, technology tools can be part of the problem themselves. Despite the benefits of using technology (such as VR) in health care, there are various limitations. The challenges of VR are one of the most important dimensions to be determined. The development and usage of VR applications need to study various dimensions of this technology. Studies show that using virtual surgery significantly increases the quality of surgical performance in the operating room, especially in sensitive surgery such as glaucoma and brain surgery. 27 In ‘virtual surgery’, as the most common type of medical simulations, the surgeon practices the surgery process many times and improves his/her surgical skills in a virtual environment on a virtual patient. For example, multi-dimensional simulation as a new method can improve medical education. Nowadays, one of the information technology (IT) opportunities in education is simulation. 10, 25 Therefore, VR products have potential advantages for medical care and can create markets with suitable returns on investment. Many research and controlled trials have shown that VR for therapeutic goals is effective, such as in phobia and anxiety disorders, 18 neurorehabilitation or telerehabilitation for recovery of function after stroke and balance disorders, 10, 19- 22 developmental delay, 23 Parkinson’s disease, 24 and pain management. 6, 10- 12 VR is mainly applied in practicing medical skills, to show 3D anatomy, simulate surgery and surgical planning, and to help treat phobias, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, disability, and rehabilitation. Nowadays, VR by creating a 3D simulated environment has been considered a useful tool in many areas, such as medical education and treatment. ![]() Most VR environments provide tools for visual interaction with the user, although others use different types of sensors to provide a more real sense of environment. 7 In other words, VR is the term used to describe a simulated 3D computer environment that allows the user to interact with this environment. 5 Gaddis defined VR as: "a computer-generated simulation of the real or imagined environment or world." 6 In a definition by Sherman and Craig, the key elements to experiencing VR includes a virtual world, immersion, sensory feedback (responding to user input), and interaction. VR has been defined by different perspectives. 1 VR, due to its ability to design a standard, reproducible, and controllable environment, 2 has been increasingly used from simple graphical application to advanced usages in the automobile industry, architecture, and medicine 3 as well as the production, the visualization of science, engineering, and training. In recent years, the development of virtual reality (VR) has progressed significantly. Also, it is suggested to develop and update laws, standards, and protocols, which play an important role in increasing the effective application of VR at the national level. ![]() Challenges related to VR will have different effects, thus identifying each of them helps to determine the solutions for each challenge. General challenges include reduced face-to-face communications, education, cost challenges, users’ attitudes, and specific challenges such as designing, safety considerations, VR side effects, evaluation, and validation of VR applications. The main challenges of developing and using VR with educational and therapeutic objectives are categorized as general and specific. We restricted the search to articles in English or Persian language published by the end of 2018. ![]() We searched Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases for relevant papers using a defined search query. Accordingly, our review aimed to determine the challenges associated with the application of VR in the field of medical education and treatment. Therefore, recognizing potential challenges related to VR might be helpful in the strategic decision-making process to implement and develop this technology in the healthcare field. Despite the benefits of using virtual reality (VR) in medical education and treatment, some challenges and limitations result in the uselessness or misuse of this technology. ![]()
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